| Characteristic |
Bulls |
Heifers |
Cows |
Calves |
| Size and Weight |
Larger and heavier |
Smaller and lighter |
Moderate size and weight |
Smaller and lighter |
| Body Structure |
Broad shoulders, muscular |
Moderately muscular |
Moderate build |
Slender and less muscular |
| Horns |
Often present, large and curved |
Smaller and more curved |
Present, smaller and curved |
Small and straight or curved |
| Color |
Varies by breed, common colors include black, brown, and white |
Similar to bulls, various colors |
Similar to heifers, various colors |
Similar to cows, various colors |
| Udder (Females) |
Not applicable |
Developing and smaller |
Well-developed |
Developing and small |
| Reproductive Age |
Maturity around 2-3 years |
Maturity around 2 years |
Maturity around 2 years |
Calves are not mature |
| Behavior |
Can be aggressive, territorial |
Generally calm, less aggressive |
Calm, maternal instincts |
Playful and dependent |
| Purpose |
Breeding, meat production |
Future breeding stock |
Milk production, breeding, meat |
Growing for future purposes |